Cyclical Support: How Citi Bike Can Reduce ESG Risks Through Greater Transparency & Municipal Partnerships

Double-Materiality Assessment

Executive Summary:

This report conducts a double materiality assessment on Citi Bike (a public-private partnership owned by the City of New York and operated by Lyft since its acquisition of the bikeshare operator Motivate in 2018. 

The report suggests 4 key risks for Lyft to ameliorate to improve its ESG outlook:

1. Lack of transparency in materials & sourcing leading to increased emissions & decreased public trust

2. Public health benefits not being communicated publicly, and public safety concerns are perceived as under-addressed by Citi Bike

3. E-bike & cycling regulation and policing enforcement environment raise concerns about Citi Bike’s long-term operational horizon

4. Overdependence on Citibank as a sponsor may force future operational cuts without additional sponsorship sources identified.

 By examining publicly available information on these key risk areas, this report also identifies 3 actionable strategies to reduce each risk’s impact, through enhanced transparency, more campaigns and partnerships with municipal agencies, and creating more ways for cycle-inclined New Yorkers to support the mission of expanding affordable bike access across the city. All 12 actionable strategies are included in the conclusion. A slide deck version of this report can be found here. 

Overview

Citi Bike has been used over 200 million times by New Yorkers and tourists, and creates an accessible bikeshare infrastructure for the hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers who are members, and millions more who use it ad-hoc. Yet the extent of their ESG assessment for the Citi Bike program specifically comes from monthly ridership reports from the City of New York. I’ve pasted the relevant section from the May 2025 report in full, below:

“Environmental Impact

Citi Bike riders burned a total of 308,375,697 calories for the month. According to a calculation

published in the 2012 MTA Sustainability Report, we find that Citi Bike avoided 4,008,884 pounds of carbon emissions in May.”

Lyft’s financial reporting is similarly sparse on details for their bikeshares’ ESG impact. From December of 2024:

“We have enabled growth and adoption of bikeshare in 61 cities across 16 countries where we provide our hardware and software solutions. Working closely with our city and operating partners in the most complex urban environments, our team enabled 18 major bikeshare system expansions over the past year through both owned and operated systems and systems that utilize our hardware and software solutions, amounting to nearly 12,000 additional bikes, e-bikes, and e-scooters in cities like Chicago, Portland and New York City in the United States and cities abroad like Barcelona, Monaco, and more.”

Its social and governance sections are similarly concise. Lyft’s ESG report is even less forthcoming on details for their bikeshare’s environmental impact, and little hard data on its social or governance risks. There is not much detailed, accessible information about this program for New Yorkers, or anyone, looking to understand this program’s impact and sustainability.

Given the scope & potential promise of bikeshare programs, as well as an increasingly-hostile political environment towards electric bicycles, this analysis is both relevant and timely. 

This report provides an overview of the environmental impact of Lyft's bikeshare, specifically for its Citi Bike program in New York City. It provides a double materiality assessment leveraging global reporting data, and also provides actionable recommendations for Citi Bike & Lyft for each key risk identified, summarized at the end. Note: this report is created external to Lyft and does not reflect their views. Best publicly available data is used throughout the report, and may be outdated. 

Methodology Statement

It provides a double materiality assessment leveraging the European Sustainable Reporting Standards (ESRS) and Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) for determining relevant materiality priorities. Based on the broad categories identified in each standard and third party research on Lyft & bike-sharing programs (included in the bibliography section at the end), I’ve identified 10 environmental, social, and governance risk and assessed their ESG and financial risks. 

I conducted additional research into the relative social and business impact of each risk, and provided scores between 1 - 5 for each factor, 5 being the greatest relative impact. 

The report also uses these double materiality findings and other research to create an ESG benchmark for Lyft’s bikeshare programs. 

Double Materiality Assessment

Below is a summary of the topics selected for consideration, as well as the corresponding ESRS & SASB topic or topics. I selected these topics based on research on Citi Bike’s major sources of Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions, news reports about Citi Bike, and research on bike shares’ operating models across the United States and the world. I also reviewed ESRS and SASB best practice articles to understand which topics could provide strong overlap while covering major issues and risks salient for Citi Bike. 

Below is the double materiality matrix for each topic. Social materiality was determined by considering marginal impact to various communities or stakeholders if done responsible versus irresponsibly. In other words, can Lyft make an actual impact and would that impact be large? For business materiality, I considered both present monetary costs as a share of their overall operating expenses, as well as future risk from increased costs due to changes in the supply chain or regulations impacting a given issue. 

Double Materiality High Risk Issues

Details on primary select ESG issues

1. Materials and Sourcing

Materials to produce the bikes used throughout Citi Bike’s fleet are, of course, the highest drivers of Scope 1 & 2 emissions for the subsidiary. They use aluminum-framed bicycles, which are estimated to emit about 115 kg CO2 throughout their manufacturing process for non-electrified bicycles. Assuming Citi Bike’s estimate of about 30,000 bikes in their fleet from their May operating report, that e-bike batteries add about 50 kg of CO2 through its manufacturing, that e-bikes represent about 40% of the Citi Bike fleet according to the NYC Mayor’s Office and that there’s an average lifecycle of about 2 years per bicycle, we can assume a carbon impact of 30000*0.5*115*(50*0.4) = 17.25 million kg, or 17000 tons of CO2 produced per year. 

While this is a relatively small emission compared to, e.g., Walmart’s annual emissions, it is actually quite significant compared to Lyft’s overall operating emissions, at least for New York City — it is, conservatively, equivalent to 20% of Lyft’s New York City-metro emissions from ride-sharing trips. Citi Bike’s parent company Lyft reportedly completes about 200k rides in New York City every day. Without any documentation about the average distance covered by Lyft drivers in a day, based on an average trip time of 20 minutes and prevailing traffic times in New York City as about ~10-15 miles per hour, we can roughly estimate the average trip is 3-5 miles. If each Lyft vehicle got 25 miles to the gallon (conservative given that at least 10% of rideshare drivers use electric vehicles), they’d take nearly 70 days to emit the same amount as was caused by the manufacturing of new bikes for their fleet each year.

Of course, in actuality this belies the fact that manufacturing a car generates about 5 to 8 metric tons of CO2, equivalent to over 15,000 miles driven for a 15 mpg car, or the estimated emissions of manufacturing 30-40 e-bikes. In the context of overall emissions, Citi Bike’s manufacturing is relatively low-impact. However, it’s a large enough cost and emissions source that it necessitates further prioritization by Citi Bike & Lyft’s bikeshare teams more broadly.

Recommendations to de-risk Materials and Sourcing

1. Create greater transparency surrounding the manufacturing process & Scope 1 emissions — this transparency allows users to understand sustainability is a priority, and they can make an informed decision in choosing Citi Bike. Additional transparency would be useful in reducing risk by avoiding negative publicity from inaccurate estimates, and because transparency engenders greater brand loyalty in the face of supply chain risks — if prices for sustainable materials go up, it’s also easier to transparently explain any required price increases with greater credulity from customers. 

2. Build comparisons for Citi Bike’s carbon impact versus alternative transportation options — explain the ways Citi Bike is taking action while showing how sustainable the organization’s manufacturing practices are compared to other popular options. Almost any e-bike is going to have significantly less environmental impact than almost any car. Citi Bike claims on one page of their website that they save the equivalent of 12000 tons of CO2 per year through their bike rides, potentially offsetting their manufacturing emissions. This transparency will also reduce social risk of consumers feeling misled.

3. Promote recycling programs and sustainable mining partners, and manufacturing plants already used as partners to bolster the ecosystem for the circular economy and promote transparency for Citi Bike’s Scope 3 emissions. If these partners would not stand up to public scrutiny, new partners need to be sourced. This is critical to ensuring long-term sustainability of supply.

2.  Public Health 

Health benefits from Citi Bike’s operations are a major benefit to public health for two key reasons:

1. Directly, New Yorkers choosing to bike rather than take a car or train gives them additional physical activity, lowering cardiovascular risks and many other public health concerns. 

2. Indirectly, Citi Bike’s reduction of car traffic on the street decreases air pollution, which contributes about 14% of New York’s particulate matter in the air. This increases instances of asthma, cardiovascular events, cancer, and all cause mortality. By using bikes instead of personal cars or taxis, Citi Bike reduces this public health externality. 

a. Benefits to Public Health Through Physical Activity

One estimate found that there’s about $0.25 in healthcare savings per mile biked. This poses huge societal benefits from encouraging and facilitating greater activity, even through ebike rides. One basic analysis found e-bikes burn about 1/3rd of the calories of the equivalent bike ride, but is still a caloric-intensive physical activity. This is particularly useful In New York, where the public healthcare system serves nearly 4 million residents are on Medicaid, or about 50% of the population. 

Given 80 million miles traveled in one year, and discounting the healthcare savings by about 66% for e-bike rides, based on basic analysis on the value of e-bike activity versus standard bicycle exercise. E-bikes are estimated to account for 70% of Citi Bike rides in 2025, 

Across the entire year, this equates to public health savings of over $10 million dollars, roughly equal from e-bikes and traditional bike rides. If strictly considering benefits to the public health system itself through Medicaid & Medicare patient savings, Citi Bike saves New Yorkers between $2-4 million in public healthcare costs.

b. Benefits from Reducing Car Pollution

First, we should determine how many Citi Bike rides would have otherwise been car trips. We can estimate conservatively about 12% of rides replace taxi or personal car rides based on a 2017 Citi Bike user survey — today, with their expansion to outer boroughs, this figure is likely closer to 20% or 30% based on research from other locales, so we can also get a higher end estimate.

Next, we need to consider how many miles were travelled using Citi Bikes each year. Reportedly about 7.7 million miles were covered in May 2025 on Citi Bikes, and about 80 million miles over all of 2024 (collated across monthly reports). 

Finally, we need to quantify the benefits of a reduction in traffic. One study in the US found a marginal public health benefit of $0.057 cents per car-mile saved. In total, this corresponds to somewhere between $500k - $1.3MM in public health savings per year solely from reducing particulate matter (PM2*5) exposure. This could be combined with the analysis above, along with other health considerations (car accidents, gasoline fires, etc.) to calculate the full breadth of Citi Bike’s public health impact. 

Health Damages in NYC from car pollution estimated to cost $21 billion per year, so this $1MM in savings from avoiding about 20 million car-miles per year in emissions seems quite conservative.

c. Public Health Harms from Crashes

It’s important for Citi Bike to provide transparency about the costs of crashes as fears regarding e-bikes grow. Citi Bike reports monthly crash reports in their monthly operating statements, but do not provide details beyond that. In May there were fewer than 100 crashes across the entire system throughout the month. Given the salience of crashes (particularly pedestrian collisions) to the public, it is important Citi Bike continue to quantify these costs and make them publicly available. 

d. Summary & Recommendations to de-risk Public Health 

1. Public Health benefits from Citi Bike usage are estimated conservatively between $10-12MM across physical activity benefits and reduction in particulate matter through avoided personal car & taxi trips. This should be communicated clearly across stakeholders & to the public, and should be expanded on to further quantify this benefit. This improves your business positioning and reduces social risk by ensuring it’s seen as a public good, not a negative. 

2. Create campaigns and policies around crashes and speeding, including publicly identifying common causes of crashes and malfunctions. This is critical to avoid PR disasters if a tragedy does occur; given the environment surrounding e-bikes in New York City, Citi Bike should be taking actions beyond simply capping the top bike speed (potentially increasing danger for cyclists who can’t keep up with traffic), but creating public campaigns and transparency surrounding e-bike safety. 

3. Build on public health externalities by creating campaigns and user goals to reach health milestones — particularly for low-income residents, Citi Bike could partner with the NYC DOH & create incentive programs: high schoolers can get Citi Bike memberships for free if they ride at least 5 miles per week on a classic Citi Bike; partner with restaurants or bars to get discounts for seniors at risk of hypertension to take a ride. Use the system to 

3. Regulatory Changes

Citi Bike needs to avoid suffering the same fate as Bird Scooters. Hugely popular in the late 2010s, Lime Scooters appeared everywhere on the street. Literally, everywhere. Their users were told they can just drop the scooters off wherever & sign out with the app. And “wherever” mostly meant square in the middle of the sidewalk. Cities got angry. And they were banned in many municipalities, including scooter-shares being banned writ large in New York City In 2020. If Citi Bike does not properly assuage concerns of public safety & quality of life being hampered by their operations, they’ll likely face regulatory headwinds in the years to come. 

a. Avoiding Public Backlash

To avoid a similar fate, Citi Bike needs to ensure that the overall social and governmental environment towards e-bikes becomes more favorable. There are proposed bans of e-bikes throughout Central Park and other zones throughout the city, additional safety measures due to explosions and house fires caused by e-bike batteries, and, most recently, Mayor Eric Adams proposed a cap of 15 mph for e-bikes throughout the city. Citi Bike immediately complied and reduced the maximum assisted speed for their e-bike fleet, much to the chagrin of many Citi Bike members. The Hudson River Greenway in Manhattan has banned e-bikes for years now, and Santa Barbara has banned e-bike usage in many high-pedestrian areas.

It’s not hard to imagine e-bike storage & usage continuing to be regulated. In New York’s 2025 legislative session alone, legislators introduced at least 30 bills dealing with the regulation and sale of e-bikes and e-bike batteries. On the one hand, storage regulations could increase Citi Bike’s demand and market share, by reducing the accessibility of privately-owned e-bikes for New Yorkers. On the other hand, regulations to reduce the usage of e-bikes, requiring licensing, or other quality-of-use issues like further reductions in maximum speed would all reduce Citi Bike’s operational reach. 

b. Public Safety Enforcement Concerns

Finally, it’s worth considering how regulatory enforcement changes could affect Citi Bike. Strangely, police officers have begun enforcing traffic violations for cyclists with increased rigidity, even to a greater extent than car traffic violations. One study found in NYC, 15% of red light tickets are written for cyclists, who make up just 2% of the overall road population. Many are receiving court summons for issues that would simply be given standard traffic tickets for automobile violations. Many report across forums that police officers are ticketing cyclists more often for relatively innocuous & accepted moves, like going through an intersection as the walk sign turns on for pedestrians, rather than waiting for when the traffic signal turns green for the vehicles. Cyclists won’t continue riding in a hostile environment — between a lack of traffic enforcement for poor driving, and a punitive amount of enforcement by cyclists, biking becomes a less attractive form of transportation.

c. Recommendations to de-risk regulatory changes

1. Create proactive campaigning with the city to ensure you’re seen as partners, rather than villains, in any pursuit of reducing harm from e-bikes. Ensuring the perception is that Citi Bikers are in a totally different class than the “unsafe” e-bike operators is critical to avoid regulatory changes that negatively affect Citi Bike’s operations. As mentioned above, build PSAs and policies around speeding and crashes

2. Build a task force with the City of New York for public safety, create a reporting platform for users to identify when they have been ticketed & experience unsafe driver behavior. Shifting the public narrative away from e-bike riders being a danger and towards them needing to be protected should create pressure towards enforcement shifts.

3. Identify areas of regulation to increase regulation of e-bikes sold throughout New York City. As a leader in bike safety, Citi Bike should push to ensure e-bikes, even non Citi Bikes, are safe for New Yorkers, including secured safely. In doing so, Citi Bike not only positions itself as a leader in public safety, but also create a higher barrier to entry for cheap alternatives, and avoids the negative externalities of negative perceptions created by unsafe, under-regulated e-bikes and e-bike batteries. 

4. Partner/Sponsor Dependence

Citi Bike has posted strong operating revenues for the past 3 fiscal years. Its monthly operating reports indicate that a very small percentage of their total revenue comes from sponsorships — in May, they reported $24MM in revenue and under $120k in sponsorship payments, implying about $1.3MM in annual sponsorship payments. However, there’s reason to be skeptical that this shows the full story of Citi Bike’s reliance on CitBank’s sponsorship.

Since 2012, they’ve signed 2 deals with disclosed volumes, providing somewhere between $80MM - $110MM to Citi Bike over 11 years, or $7MM-10MM per year. They renewed in 2023 for an undisclosed amount, but one can assume it would be similar or larger to the previous deal. Thus, these operating reports are likely underreporting sponsorship revenue due to accounting formalities — they likely use the bulk of this sponsorship money for capital expenses and expansions, providing them much needed cash as they likely are not profitable in any given year. 

Should CitiBank pull its funding, Citi Bike would be in serious trouble for the following year, especially if other large financial institutions similarly cut public-facing expenditures. Thus, Citi Bike should create contingency plans and form relationships to prepare for the worst. 

Recommendations to de-risk sponsor dependence

1. Citi Bike should build in provisions with CitiBank that allow them to form relationships with co-sponsors to reduce the risk of single-sponsor reliance. This should be framed not as a way to reduce CitiBank’s ownership over Citi Bike, but bring in partner brands that may align with Citi Bike & CitiBanks’ branding. In doing so, Citi Bike gets to forge relationships that will allow for further expansion, while enabling a quicker pivot should Citi Bank funding be pulled or reduced in the future.

2. Citi Bike should build a playbook based on Capital Bikeshare. Purchased by Lyft at the same time as Citi Bike, when they acquired Motivate in 2018, Capital Bikeshare receives about $2.2 million per year from local air quality grants, and another couple million from the municipalities in the DMV it serves. By building government-back sponsorships that align with municipality-, state-, and federal-level goals, Lyft can build in additional funding that makes sponsorships a “nice-to-have” rather than a critical operational risk.

3. Finally, Citi Bike should consider building a membership base of “patrons”. New York City relies on charitable donations from its wealthier citizens for many iconic affordances of the city. Central Park, the High Line, New York Public Library, and the MoMA all operate significantly on public contributions, and have effective programs to make those patrons feel like they’re making a real difference. While this would require 501(c)(3) status, it’s a replicable model that’s used for the High Line and MoMA, and could significantly increase Citi Bike’s durability in the long term, even if corporate sponsorship dries up.

Summary & Conclusion

Citi Bike is a rich public-private partnership that has brought numerous benefits to New York City and its denizens. However, its lack of transparency and clear strategy regarding its environmental impact and commitments, as well as public safety, heighten its long term material risk, both socially and financially. I’ve identified some of the top risks across these two domains and outlined actionable recommendations for Citi Bike to undertake to reduce these risks, and leverage them for their long-term success. I’ve summarized the four key risks and recommendations below:

Citi Bike, as an organization, embodies all that public-private partnerships can be: leveraging the operational excellence of a private organization that knows how to deliver at scale in a way municipal government in-house employees do not have the know-how to achieve, working hand-in-hand with government and community stakeholders to expand access to transportation throughout the city. At its best, it provides affordable, healthy transit options in underserved communities around New York, and enables millions of New Yorkers to feel more connected than they otherwise would. But for many, including stakeholders in the city government, it’s nothing more than a public safety hazard & waste of street space. Citi Bike needs to build deeper relationships with communities throughout New York City and across municipal agencies to ensure Citi Bike remains a New York City institution for decades to come.

Citi Bike, and bike shares on the whole, are a wonderful benefit for the cities they operate in. If Citi Bike continues to keep data away from the public and avoid a public strategy to drive social and governmental discussions and environments, public opinion could turn against the service, and Citi Bike could even be legislated out of existence. But by increasing their transparency, expanding their sponsorship sources, and working hand-in-hand with the government to improve public service messaging and safety, Citi Bike should have a bright future ahead, with a healthier, safer, and more accessible New York.

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